The Least of My Brothers is an on-line module or short course in the ethics of research with human subjects. Content for the module was developed by the Poynter Center for the Study of Ethics and American Institutions at Indiana University-Bloomington (Kenneth D. Pimple, Project Director; Julia A. Pedroni, Co-Director; Victoria Berdon, Graduate Assistant) in collaboration with WisdomTools, Inc., which also provided the technical realization of the course.

http://poynter.indiana.edu/sas/lb/

General Background

• A Message from the Director of the CDC about the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. "On this page you will find a brief history of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, a syphilis fact sheet, and information on the protection of research participants."
• America's Dirty Little Secret. Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment from The Association for the Advancement of Blacks in Health Sciences. General background and images based largely on James Jones' Bad Blood.
• The Tuskegee Syphilis Study by Edward Brent. How the study violated ethical principles of research.
• Protection from Harm: The Tuskeegee Syphilis Study by J. T. Stocks, Michigan State University. Based largely on James Jones' Bad Blood, with a discussion of the impact of the study on present-day attitudes of African-Americans toward research
• Caso Tuskegee A brief summary of the study, in Portuguese, by José Roberto Goldim

Documents from the Tuskegee Study

• Twenty Years of Followup Experience In a Long-Range Medical Study by Eunice Rivers, Stanley Schuman, Lloyd Simpson, and Sidney Olansky

Other Historical Records

• Syphilis in history: photos and illustrations Early posters, from a CBC program by Colman Jones

The Legacy of the Tuskegee Study

The Impact on Healthcare Today

• The Reading Room from The Institute for Minority Health Research. Includes articles about impact of Tuskegee Study on attitudes toward AIDS research
• Section in article on Investigative Reporting About Minorities in America
• AIDS: Conspiracy or Unnatural Disaster? Tracking the Real Genocide
• Prevailing Disparities In Healthcare by Laurie C. Zephyrin
• Research: Distrust runs deep; medical community seeks solutions Detroit News, December 10, 1995
• History Lends Credence to Conspiracy Theories By Michael A. Fletcher

Hearings on the Nomination of Dr. Henry W. Foster as Surgeon General

• U. S. Surgeon General by Victor Beattie. Henry Foster's response to charges he was aware of the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment three years before it was terminated, and did nothing about it. From Intac Access Corporation; original source: Voice of America
• Clinton Trips Over New Foster Corpse by Mathew Lu, from IlLUminations No. 12.

Report of the Syphilis Study Legacy Committee, and the Presidential Apology

Background and Documents

• A Request for Redress of the Wrongs of Tuskegee Report of the Syphilis Study Legacy Committee part of an exhibit by the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library
• Transcript of the Presidential Apology, May 16, 1997
• The Presidential Apology An exhibit designed by Mitchell Hammond for Historical Collections at The Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, with photos by Joan Echtenkamp Klein.
• Tuskegee leaves shame, anger by Carol Kaesuk Yoon, New York Times; from Detroit Free Press. Background on the experiment; includes brief interviews with family members of victims of the study.
• Clinton to Express Regret for Experiment on Blacks from The New York Times, courtesy Murry Bergtraum High School
• At last, formal apology for Tuskegee: Syphilis among blacks ION Science 5.9.97
• On Behalf of Nation an Apology by Nancy Mathis, Houston Chronicle, May 16, 1997
• The Tuskegee Apology A Talk of the Nation discussion moderated by Melinda Penkava, on the impact of the legacy of the experiment. Guests: Vanessa Gamble Chair, Tuskegee Syphilis Study Legacy Committee, Physician and Historian of Medicine Director, Center for Study of Race and Ethnicity in Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Stephen Thomas Director and Associate Professor of Community Health Institute for Minority Health Research, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University. To hear the broadcast, you must install the RealAudio program
• Clinton deve encontrar os sobreviventes de Tuskegee (Clinton is going to meet the survivors of Tuskegee), by Joao Carlos Assumpcao, in Folha Mundo, Sao Paulo, Brazil, April 11, 1997 (in Portuguese)
• Rep. Stokes Joins President Clinton in Recognizing Survivors of Tuskegee A press release from Congressman Louis Stokes

Editorials on the Apology

• Tom Joyner's Weekly Internet Editorial 5/5/97 "There should be no question as to whether or not the U.S. government should issue an apology to those black men who were used as human guinea pigs for the study of syphilis in the infamous Tuskegee experiment. The shame is that the apology has been long in coming."
• Steps Still Being Taken To Undo Damage of "America's Nuremberg" by Howard Wolinsky, Annals of Internal Medicine 15 August 1997 (American College of Physicians).
• Never Forget Tuskegee by Mary O'Grady
• Bad Blood: Medical Racism Didn't End With Tuskegee by James Terry, from Kansas City New Times.
• Righting the Wrongs of Tuskegee by Michael Taylor, Positive Living Newsletter - May 1997 Aids Project Los Angeles
• The Legacy of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study by Bernice Powell Jackson; Civil Rights Journal, from BEN.net
• Libertarians ask: Why aren't the politicians responsible for Tuskegee syphilis experiments being prosecuted? News from the Libertarian Party
• Prosecute Tuskeegee Experimenters by Ray Ubinger. From from Tarheel Libertarian June/July 1997 ; originally a letter to the editor in the Durham Herald-Sun
• Yes, Mr. Clinton, Apologize to Victims of the Tuskegee 'Experiment,' But What About the Baby Victims of the CDC AIDS from PR NewsWire
• About that Tuskegee experiment... by Joseph Farah, from WorldNet Daily

Films, Documentaries, and Interviews

• Review of the Nova documentary The Deadly Deception reviewed by Bryan and Peggy Bryers in Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture.
• The Tuskegee Experiment A brief description from The Cornell Chronicle's press release about the video Succeptible to Kindness
• Miss Evers' Boys Background from HBO on its Emmy award-winning film.
  • HBO's `Miss Evers' Boys' is another look at the banality of evil Philadelphia News-Times review by Ellen Gray
• Mary Starke Harper, R.N., Ph.D. An interview with a nurse from the Tuskegee Study, conducted by Jeffrey Light. Part of the LinkAge 2000 Project, "to provide students (ages 12-18) from around the world with the opportunity to interactively learn about aging and older adults."

Teaching Materials

• Looking into Tuskegee: An Internet WebQuest Civil Rights & the Tuskegee Study designed by Tom March, San Diego State University (educational activities to support a course by The Museum of Television and Radio).

Discussion

• Part of a Discussion on Afrinet

Bibliography

• Select Bibliography of Print Sources

Your NAME: Siu Hei Szeto

CASE TITLE: Tuskegee Medical Experiment

DESCRIPTION of the case by student: Studies to discover the incidence of syphilis among poor black men in the south during the 1920's and 1930's turned into a study, The Tuskegee Experiment, to study the effects of syphilis over time. Approximately 400 men were chosen for the study and received regular medical checkups to determine the progress of the diseases. The men were told that they had "bad blood" and were being treated for it. The men never received any actual treatment for the disease even after the discovery of a cure (penicillin).

url's for the Articles Describing case:

url's for Articles with Ethical Position: Philosophers, Theologians, Lawyers, Medical Doctors

Megan Brons

CASE: The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Description: 600 low-income African-American males, 400 infected with syphilis are monitored for 40 years. Even though a proven cure (penicillin) became available in the 1950s, the study continues until 1972 with participants denied treatment. Perhaps as many as 100 died of syphilis during the study.

url?s for articles describing the case:

1) http://members.home.com/jtstocks/prof/ethics/tuskg.html

2) http://showme.Missouri.edu/`socbrent/Tuskegee.htm

3) http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/335/11/815

4) http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/tuskegee/time.htm

url?s for articles with ethical position: Philosophers, Theologians, Lawyers, Medical Doctors

1) http://members.home.com/jtstocks/prof/ethics/tuskg.html

2) http://www.dc.peachnet.edu/~shale/humanities/composition/assignments/experime

3) http://library.northernlight.com/SG19990730140007568.html?cb=0&sc=0#doc