On Plagiarism and Cheating and Academic Integrity

Compiled by

  Dr. Philip A. Pecorino 

 Professor,   Philosophy ,    Social Sciences Dept ,   Queensborough Community College,       CUNY

Contents of this Webpage

I.  Plagiarism Facilitation Sites

II. Detecting Plagiarism

III. Avoiding or Reducing or Mitigating Against Plagiarism

IV. Academic Integrity

V. Detecting and Preventing Cheating in Online Classes

PLAGIARISM in the age of AI

With the advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and the availability of a variety of AI tools or applications that facilitate authorship by AI of text there is now a form of plagiarism (using the work of another and claiming it as your own) whereby an AI creates the text or does the work and some human claims it as the work of that human alone.  In light of this new situation this section is added as preface to what came before AI arrived and was made so available. 

As instructors consider revising written assignments going forward and the need to discourage use of AI forms of assistance and detect them when used they need to know that some AI detectors can be defeated.  The task as posed to Chat GPT provided this result to one attempt: 

ATTEMPT 1:

ChatGPT

Q: How best to construct essay assignments to discourage use of AI by students? 

AI REPLY:

One way to construct essay assignments to discourage the use of AI by students is to assign topics that require the use of critical thinking, analysis, and synthesis of information, rather than simply recalling facts. Additionally, incorporating open-ended questions that require students to form their own arguments and perspectives can make it more difficult for AI to generate a relevant response. Another approach can be to have students work on group projects where participation and contribution can be easily monitored. Additionally, having students submit a rough draft, a final draft and then also conduct plagiarism checks using software tools can also discourage the use of AI generated essays.

 Q: What if students were to submit the results of an AI check of their own assignment to be submitted as part of the assignment?

AI REPLY:

If students were to submit the results of an AI check of their own assignment as part of the assignment, it could potentially serve as a way to demonstrate that their work is original and not generated by AI. However, it would be important for the instructor to verify the authenticity of the results, as it is possible for students to use AI to generate essays and then use a different AI tool to check for plagiarism and provide a false "clean" report. Additionally, it would be important to keep in mind that the AI check is not a foolproof way to ensure originality, as AI models can be trained on specific datasets and may not be able to detect plagiarism from sources outside of the dataset. It is always recommended to use multiple plagiarism checking tools and also check for originality of ideas and concepts. 

ATTEMPT 2 in same line of “conversation”:

ChatGPT

Q: How best to construct essay assignments to discourage use of AI by students or make then readily detectable?

AI REPLY:

There are several ways to construct essay assignments to discourage the use of AI by students or make them more readily detectable:

•             Assign topics that require critical thinking, analysis, and synthesis of information, rather than simply recalling facts. This makes it more difficult for AI to generate a relevant response.

•             Incorporate open-ended questions that require students to form their own arguments and perspectives.

•             Use plagiarism detection software to check for similarities between student submissions and existing sources.

•             Have students submit a rough draft, a final draft, and then conduct plagiarism checks using software tools.

•             Have students submit the results of an AI check of their own assignment as part of the assignment, but verify the authenticity of the results.

•             Use multiple plagiarism checking tools and also check for originality of ideas and concepts.

•             Incorporate peer-review or self-review process where students are required to evaluate the work of their peers or themselves and report any plagiarism or AI generated content.

•             Assign group projects where participation and contribution can be easily monitored and evaluated.

It's important to note that no single method is foolproof, so a combination of these techniques may be more effective in detecting AI-generated essays and discouraging their use.

Here are AI Generators:

Using AI to alter Text to evade detection

There are several steps a person might use to evade having their text detected as AI generate.  Here is one example:

1.    Step 1: Create text with AI such as with ChatGPT   https://chat.openai.com/chat

Ste Step 2: Rewrite with AI generator with instructions to use synonyms

.     Step 3:  Paraphrase entire work using another AI: e.g.,    free-artcile-spinner.com    https://free-article-spinner.com/

 S    Step 4: Paraphrase again Rewrite using wordtune.com   https://www.wordtune.com/

AI Detectors:

ZERO GPT one of the best available at start of 2023 being updated regularly. 

Originality.ai Costs minimum of $20  to start and then with monthly fee 

AI Content Detector - Detect ChatGPT Plagiarism

TURNITIN : The plagiarism detection service Turnitin said it would incorporate more features for identifying A.I., including ChatGPT, later in 2023.

AI-Writer-Content-Detector   

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Basic Information on Plagiarism on This Instructional Site:

What Is Plagiarism? (History News Network site)

The Ultimate Plagiarism Guide: How to Detect and Prevent It

Best MASTER SITE  by Sharon Stoerger MLS, MBA

Student Guide to Understanding Writing and Avoiding Plagiarism in the Classroom and Online  

Best Student Guide for Avoiding Plagiarism:

Academic Integrity in College: How (and why) to Avoid Cheating, Plagiarism, and Abusing AI

All about Plagiarism by Affordable Colleges Online:

Copyright & Plagiarism 101

Copyright Law In 2019 Explained In One Page

**Best instructional Site  by Colby, Bates, and Bowdoin (CBB) have jointly developed this site as part of an instruction program conceived to discourage student plagiarism. Intended as a clearinghouse for information on plagiarism, the site is especially concerned with news, developments, and resources that consider the issue in the context of undergraduate teaching and learning.  The site consists of two main sections: standalone resources and a collection of news items.

Citation Generator  Site to assist students in providing proper citations for work they use.  It offers several different styles to use.

Citation Machine's Plagiarism Checker enables students to proactively spot errors and learn from their own writing. It helps them become engaged, ethical researchers and writers.   

EasyBib Grammar & Plagiarism: provider of online citing and writing tools  

Maryville University Online plagiarism guide  "College Guide to Preventing Plagiarism", information and resources for college and high school students on identifying and preventing all forms of plagiarism, definitions and examples, an overview on the consequences of plagiarism, and a collection of recommended tools for preventing plagiarism. 

Purdue Global provides Plagiarism Information and an article titled “Plagiarism and Paraphrasing” which provides information on how to provide proper citations and credibility in academic writing. Also included are references to citation sources and guidelines that students can follow to avoid plagiarism in their writing
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Contents of this Webpage

I.  Plagiarism Facilitation Sites

II. Detecting Plagiarism

III. Avoiding or Reducing or Mitigating Against Plagiarism

IV. Academic Integrity

V. Detecting and Preventing Cheating in Online Classes

I.  Plagiarism Facilitation Sites

Digital Plagiarism and other forms of Cheating : It Is Easier Than Ever

Some examples of sites with prepared or custom papers for sale or use:

CAUTION: Open these sites in a new window!!

Simple "Tips and Tricks" Web Sites  The Blur of Insanity Cheating Tricks    

In-Class Exercise Check out this page for detailed descriptions of how students cheat

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II. Detecting Plagiarism

Selected Anti-Plagiarism Sites

Rather simple ways to detect plagiarized papers using google or other search engines:

Copyleaks  is an Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning powered Plagiarism detection platform able to detect plagiarism, paraphrased content, and similar and non-verbatim text using sophisticated algorithms in 100+ languages. 

CopyCatch Gold

EduTie.com

Grammar Checker Plagiarism Checker

Findsame    scans the Web for matching sentences or whole documents, instead of just keywords

Plagiarism Checker

Glatt Plagiarism Program  

HowOriginal.com  A free service that checks a 1K chunk of text against Internet resources for plagiarism. Written samples are not added to their database.

JPlag
http://www.jplag.de/

Library Electronic Databases
http://gateway.library.uiuc.edu/ersearch/

Moss
http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~aiken/moss.html

Plagiarism.org
Self-described “online resource for educators concerned with the growing problem of Internet plagiarism.”
www.plagiarism.org and
www.turnitin.com

Plagiarized.com
“The Instructors Guide to Internet Plagiarism.”
www.plagiarized.com

PaperBin.com
A commercial service that checks student papers against its paper database. It bills itself as a plagiarism-prevention service.
www.paperbin.com

PlagiServe
A free site that checks against paper mill sites to find copied text.
www.plagiserve.com  

The Plagiarism Resource Site
http://www.plagiarism.phys.virginia.edu/

 WordCHECK
http://www.wordchecksystems.com/

 

http://www.turnitin.com/

This service takes a digital fingerprint of the student's paper, then scans the Internet and the group's own database looking for matches, highlighting passages that match and providing links to the online source. Turnitin.com, a popular service, offers a simple method that allows both teachers and students to submit papers to electronic scrutiny. The service compares the paper against millions of Web sites, a database of previous submissions and papers offered by the so-called term-paper mills. Turnitin.com then sends a report with the results to the teacher. High schools using this service pay around $1,000 a year for an unlimited number of submissions. Colleges pay roughly $2,000. Dr. John M. Barrie, a founder of Turnitin.com, estimated that of all the work submitted to the site, nearly one-third is copied in whole or in part from another source.

The service itself offers cautions when considering it as an anti plagiarism device. There

have been critical examinations of the effectiveness of this service such as with Dr. Susan Schorn  “Replicated Text Detection: Test of Turnitin.”

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Thoughts well worth considering from George Otte, CUNY

Along with all new technologies there are positive and negative effects. The world wide web is not an exception to this. Does the Internet make it easier for students to plagiarize? Unfortunately, the answer is yes....

This is a point well-taken. What too few students -- and, frankly, too few faculty -- realize is how much easier the Internet makes the catching of e-plagiarists. Anything found on the Web can be found again, and very easily. The key is effective use of search engines. For those who want a basic introduction, searchengines.com -- http://www.searchengines.com/ -- offers a good introduction to the ever-proliferating variety. Especially useful means of tracking down plagiarized material are full-text search engines like AltaVista (http://www.altavista.com/) and ones with obsessively refreshed and updated indexes like that of TrueSearch.com (http://www.truesearch.com/). The trick, especially for full-text searches, is to drop in a string of words -- less than a sentence but enough to be a distinctive (maybe even unique) combination.

Such tracking down is literally push-button easy, and getting easier all the time. The latest wave (not all that recent, really) is of so-called metasearch engines (search engines that search the search engines and return results for, say, ten or more of them. Some of the better-known ones are Dogpile, Mamma, and MetaCrawler.

Given the ease of tracking down information, the real issue for students and faculty alike ought to be what to do with it. Information should be used, not cut-and-pasted. Assignments should ask students to do more than just report information, and students should understand that research usually has a purpose or point beyond re-presenting what someone else has presented. It's these things we ought to focus on, especially since tracking down stuff (whether as sources or as evidence of plagiarism) has become so easy.

Software to detect plagiarism:

This prP.DGNU General Public License information – Wcopyfind is free software, but is covered by a license that places certain restrictions on its use, modification, and distribution.

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Commercial Anti-Plagiarism Services: Do they Work?
Some Examples:
1.  Glatt Services
http://www.plagiarism.org/ now offering Turnitin http://www.turnitin.com/
2. FindSame
http://www.findsame.com/
3. Integriguard
http://www.integriguard.com
4. How Original? (from Integriguard)
http://www.howoriginal.com

Search Engines & Plagiarism Some Links:
1. AltaVista http://www.altavista.com
2. Google http://www.google.com
3. Fast Search http://www.bos2.alltheweb.com/
4. Metacrawler http://www.metacrawler.com

http://www.alltheweb.com

http://www.copernic.com/download/

http://www.searchengines.com/

http://www.truesearch.com/

http://www.dogpile.com

http://www.mamma.com

http://www.ablesoft-inc.com

http://www.softwaresecure.com

http://www.hyperfolio.com

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III. Avoiding or Reducing or Mitigating Against Plagiarism

Student Guides for Avoiding Plagiarism:

1. Plagiarism: Avoid the Consequences  Center for Online Education

2. How to Prevent Unintentional Plagiarism (And What Happens If You Don’t).

3. Student's Guide to Plagiarism  Marcaria.com Network

Guides for Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism

A Guide by Perlego on referencing and citations guide for APA and Harvard formats with examples of how to cite various works in each format.

A guide by IvyPanda How to Research: Ultimate Guide [+Online Tools] offering an explanation regarding writing a quality research paper that covers the main stages of a research process, the information on determining and citing sources, and online tools for researchers. 

Tips for Recognizing and Avoiding The Problem

Some Examples:

1. Anti-Plagiarism Strategies for Research Papers http://www.vanguard.edu/rharris/antiplag.htm

2. Plagiarized.com http://www.plagiarized.com/

4. Cut-And-Paste Plagiarism http://alexia.lis.uiuc.edu/~janicke/plagiary.htm

5. How to Detect and Combat Plagiarism http://library.shastacollege.edu/detectcombat.html

6 student plagiarism guide http://wiht.link/studentplagiarismguide

7.The New Plagiarism:Seven Antidotes to Prevent Highway Robbery in an Electronic Age by Jamie McKenzie  http://www.fno.org/may98/cov98may.html

8. Student Plagiarism in an Online World
http://www.asee.org/prism/december/html/student_plagiarism_in_an_onlin.htm

9. How Teachers Can Reduce Cheating's Lure
http://csmonitor.com/durable/1997/10/27/feat/learning.3.html

Anti-Plagiarism Resources: Combating Cheating and Plagiarism

Anti-Plagiarism Strategies This article discusses strategies for preventing student plagiarism and detecting its occurrence. www.virtualsalt.com/antiplag.htm

Plagiarism.org  Online service for preventing plagiarism, deterring scholarly dishonesty and cheating, and raising academic ethics. Detects plagiarized papers by comparing  www.plagiarism.org

PlagiariPlagiarism in Colleges in USA: http://www.rbs2.com/plag.htm

SCenteSample Honor Codes   http://www.academicintegrity.org/samp_honor_codes.asp 

Plagiari Plagiarism Policy at the University of Michigan English Department: http://www.lsa.umich.edu/english/undergraduate/plag.htm

The Plagiarism Handbook: www.antiplagiarism.com 

Paraphrase vs Plagiarize

Avoiding Plagiarism
Guidelines from the Office of Student Judicial Affairs at the University of California, Davis.
sja.ucdavis.edu/avoid.htm  

Carnegie Mellon University- Discussion and Guide 

http://www.studentaffairs.cmu.edu/acad_integ/acad_int.html 

Plagiarism and the Web (Western Illinois U site)

http://www.wiu.edu/users/mfbhl/wiu/plagiarism.htm

Evaluating What You Find in the Library and on the Internet (MIT again)

http://libraries.mit.edu/guides/courses/fall2001/21f.222/evaluate.html

informED site on Plagiarism

http://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/teacher-resources/plagiarism/

 Avoid Plagiarism Chegg Writing   enables students to proactively spot errors and learn from their own writing. It helps them become engaged, ethical researchers, and writers: learn more at: https://www.chegg.com/writing/features/plagiarism-checker/

What Is the Public Domain? qualtrics.com/blog/what-is-the-public-domain/

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Plagiarism in Philosophy

George MacDonald Ross "Plagiarism in Philosophy: Prevention Better than Cure"  http://www.prs-ltsn.ac.uk/plagiarism/gmrphilplag.html    January 2004

George MacDonald Ross "Plagiarism Really Is a Crime: A Counterblast against Anarchists, Postmodernists (and others)" http://www.philosophy.leeds.ac.uk/GMR/public/CounterblastRevised.doc , 2004  A critique of those who refuse to take plagiarism seriously
by    George MacDonald Ross, Director
Philosophical and Religious Studies Subject Centre of the Higher Education Academy
School of Philosophy, University of Leeds
Leeds LS2 9JT UK
+44 (0)113-343-3283
g.m.ross@leeds.ac.uk
http://www.prs-ltsn.ac.uk

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IV. Academic Integrity

On Academic Integrity: Materials from the Center for Ethics at USD

http://ethics.acusd.edu/Resources/academicIntegrity/  

Academic Integrity and the World Wide Web

http://ethics.acusd.edu/presentations/cai2000/index_files/frame.htm 

Fundamental Values

http://www.academicintegrity.org/fundamental.asp

http://www.academicintegrity.org/pdf/FVProject.pdf 

CEPE2000  Computer Ethics: Philosophical Enquiry  Dartmouth College   July 14-16, 2000

Lawrence M. Hinman   University of San Diego  "Academic Integrity and the World Wide Web"

Bernard Gert  Dartmouth College  "Cheating"  

10th Annual Meeting  Center for Academic Integrity  Colorado Springs, Colorado  November, 2000

Keynote Address  Gen. Malham M. Wakin, USAF, Ret.

Research Update   Don McCabe &  Susan Stearns

Ethical Development  Elizabeth Kiss &  Gary Pavela

A Student Fishbowl: A Conversation on Ethical Development Elizabeth Kiss et al.

11th Annual Meeting  Center for Academic Integrity,  2001

Keynote Address   Elizabeth Kiss

Keynote Address    Don McCabe An Overview of Research on Academic Integrity

On-line Academic Integrity Codes

On-line Honor Codes

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V. Detecting and Preventing Cheating in Online Classes

Cheating and Plagiarism in Online School: Awareness and Prevention Guide STEPS Student Training and Education in Public Service

7 Ways to Assess Students Online and Minimize Cheating by Flower Darby September 24, 2020   What can you do to promote academic integrity in your virtual classroom without joining the ‘arms race’ in cheating-prevention tools?

Balancing Academic Integrity during Final Exams with Student Privacy, Access and Equity in Spring 2020 from the Baruch College Center for Teaching and Learning April 16, 2020

How Twitter Hooks Up Students With Ghostwriters By Chris Quintana

Keeping Online Testing Honest? Or an Orwellian Overreach? By Shawn Hubler  May 10, 2020  

Big Proctor By   Colleen Flaherty  May 11, 2020  

Students Cheat. How Much Does It Matter?   by Beckie Supiano   October 21, 2020

Academic Ethics Why (Some) Professors Are So Worried About Cheating  October 29, 2020  From: Beckie Supiano

 

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END NOTE: 

For a copy of the Program on Academic Integrity  at Queensborough Community College  contact  the compiler of this list : Dr. Philip Pecorino, QCC, CUNY  ppecorino@qcc.cuny.edu 

 

plagiarism  anti-plagiarism  strategies against  plagiarism

plagiarism  anti-plagiarism  strategies against  plagiarism

plagiarism  anti-plagiarism  strategies against  plagiarism

plagiarism  anti-plagiarism  strategies against  plagiarism

plagiarism  anti-plagiarism  strategies against  plagiarism