India Steps Up Effort to Halt
Abortions of Female Fetuses
October 26, 2003
By DAVID ROHDE
FATEHGARH SAHIB, India - India's "son
complex" is visible
in this prosperous market town on the rich plains of
the
Punjab. Girls, by the thousands, are missing.
For the last 20 years, local parents
in search of a son, a
prize in Indian culture, have taken advantage of a
mixture
of technology and tradition to bear their child of
choice.
They have used ultrasound machines to determine the
sex of
the fetus growing in the mother's womb. If the fetus
is
male, the parents keep it, census figures suggest. If
it is
female, they often abort it.
J. K. Banthia, the Indian census
commissioner, estimates
that several million fetuses have been aborted in
India in
the last two decades because they were female.
Interpreting census figures of the
last century showing
widening divergences in the ratio of females to
males, he
estimates that as many as 25 million female fetuses
and
babies have been killed before, during or after birth
in
India.
In 1996 India banned the use of
ultrasound machines for sex
determination. But the government only began to take
broad
action after the 2001 census figures appeared. They
showed
927 girls for every 1,000 boys under age 6, a
precipitous
decline from 962 girls 20 years earlier.
Since the latest census, some states
have mounted
stepped-up enforcement campaigns that include public
education, inspections and edicts from religious
leaders.
But Mr. Banthia, the Indian census commissioner, said
he
believed that the government had only slowed the
spread of
the practice. "I wouldn't say it has decreased," he
said.
The greatest disparity exists in this
prosperous
agricultural district of 500,000 people in northern
India,
where middle-class farmers work fertile land
reminiscent of
the American Great Plains. This district had only 754
girls
for every 1,000 boys.
"The people in this part of the
country, they prefer boys,"
said Benjamin Mathew, the principal of a private
school
here that has 473 boys and 292 girls, a ratio that
also
reflects families' unwillingness to pay for a girl's
education.
Abortion is legal in India, but it is
illegal to abort a
fetus because of its sex, and so the determination
tests
are banned.
The country's health minister, Sushma
Swaraj, recently
proposed that the government begin an advertising
campaign
warning that there would not be enough women for men
to
marry if the trend continued, a situation that some
say
already exists here in northern India.
Officials are also considering paying
families a supplement
if they have a girl.
Public health officials say that in
the last two years they
have registered 21,072 ultrasound machines, which are
legal
as long as they are not used to determine the sex of
the
fetus. The authorities have seized 199 of the
machines and
charged 405 doctors with performing illegal tests. No
figure was available for the number of doctors
convicted.
Pregnant women who seek tests are generally not
charged.
Health officials say they have some
signs of success.
Sprawling billboards and splashy newspaper
advertisements
that once openly offered sex determination ultrasound
tests
and mysterious preconception sex determination
techniques
have mostly disappeared here. Some gynecologists, who
value
their medical licenses as well as their images, are
declining to perform sex determination tests.
"The people who are good guys, they
have actually stopped,"
said Dr. Mira Shiva, director of women's health and
development for the Voluntary Health Association of
India,
a nonprofit group that has campaigned against the
practice.
"They don't want to ruin their reputation."
Both economic and cultural forces
drive the desire for
boys, public health officials said.
In the traditional South Asian
family, a son is expected to
live with his parents, earn an income, inherit
property,
care for his forebears in their old age and light
their
funeral pyre.
When a daughter marries, the bride's
family pays the
bridegroom's family a dowry and she moves in with her
husband's family, leaving her parents with nothing or
even
a debt.
Baidyanath Sahu, a 37-year-old
bicycle rickshaw driver in
the city of Chandigarh, said he wanted sons. "He
earns for
the family," he said. "The daughter wouldn't earn
anything."
Dr. Baljit Singh Dahiya, the director
general of health
services in the state of Haryana, said it would take
decades to change time-honored attitudes that led to
some
mothers being demeaned if they failed to bear boys.
New television and radio advertising
campaigns in Haryana,
Punjab and other states are trying to change
attitudes,
declaring "daughters are our pride" and "female
feticide is
illegal."
"We are just putting drops in the
ocean," Dr. Dahiya said.
"That's how huge the problem is."
On a recent morning, two of Dr.
Dahiya's inspectors drove
to Ambala, a city of 350,000 in the northern state of
Haryana to show off new tactics they are using to
stop the
sex tests. Haryana has the second most extreme ratio
of
girls to boys of any state in India, with 820 girls
for
every 1,000 boys under 6. Neighboring Punjab state
has the
worst, with 793 girls for every 1,000 boys.
Both states are among the most
prosperous in the nation.
New Delhi, the Indian capital, also has a low rate,
with
865 girls for every 1,000 boys.
Public health officials in Ambala
told the inspectors, Dr.
Gulshan Saluja and Girbhari Singal, that three women
had
asked for sex tests in a government hospital that
morning.
The inspectors decided that after
telling the women that
the tests were illegal, they would ask the three to
serve
as decoys. A health department driver would pose as a
husband, and together, they would ask a local clinic
for
the test.
Almost immediately, the plan
unraveled. Two of the women
refused to cooperate. The driver got cold feet. In
the end,
Paramjeet Singh, a 30-year-old maid, went into the
clinic
alone. "I asked for the sex of the baby," Ms. Singh
said
after having an ultrasound performed. "She didn't
reveal
it."
Public health officials say that may
indicate how
practitioners have become increasingly shrewd.
In some areas, doctors perform the
test only if the patient
is accompanied by an agent the physician knows. In
others,
officials say, they use hand signals, like a "V for
victory" sign, or code words, like the name of a
candy, to
indicate a boy.
Some expensive fertility clinics will
even implant male
embryos instead of female ones if asked, public
health
officials said.
In India, middle-class women who
already have one or two
daughters are among the most likely to abort,
officials
said. Eager for a small family, like many Indians
today,
they have the resources for the test and an abortion,
which
together cost up to $200. India's average annual per
capita
income is $450.
Doctors, meanwhile, complain that the
campaign against the
testing is overzealous. After the failed raid in
Ambala,
inspectors revoked the clinic's ultrasound
certificate
because the office did not have a proper referral
form for
4 of the 98 ultrasound tests it performed in
September.
"All of the doctors are becoming
clerks," said Dr. Namrata
Madan, who runs the clinic and who refused to perform
the
ultrasound test on the decoy.
Here in Fatehgarh Sahib, the top
local health official, Dr.
Parshotam Lal Goel, said he had closed two clinics
for
improper recordkeeping, but said he did not use
decoys. M.
P. Arora, the district's No. 2 government
administrator,
questioned the validity of the census figures showing
that
the district had the greatest gender imbalance in the
nation.
"There must be some technical error
in the figure," Mr.
Arora said.
On a recent afternoon, a young Indian
woman working as an
interpreter for The New York Times walked into the
Sood
medical clinic on one of Fatehgarh Sahib's main
thoroughfares. She asked about sex determination
tests.
Instead of telling her the tests were
illegal, a male and
female employee quizzed the young woman about where
she was
from and why she was asking. After several minutes of
questioning, the man suggested the young lady return
to the
clinic in a few hours.
"Come later," he said. "We can talk
later."
http://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/26/international/asia/26INDI.html?ex=1068184425&ei=1&en=d4344d4c7f1a6135
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