15:29:34 Hello, this is Biomedical Ethics.
15:29:37 I am Kareena.
15:29:40 And this unit chapter deals with human experimentation, briefly at the end of touch on experimentation on one.
15:29:51 With regard to human beings, we have a care and we have a concern and we have ethical principles that we can employ to reach moral judgments about how those human beings are to be treated regarded respect.
15:30:05 So we apply them.
15:30:08 And considering performing experiments.
15:30:12 There are in many countries of the world.
15:30:15 So many considerations and tears that laws have been in a safeguard against human beings in taken advantage of or potentially subject to harm, maybe even the subjects of human experimentation.
15:30:32 This has led to some experiment there's going to those nation was are not in effect.
15:30:40 And so it couldn't perform the same experiment, one nation state that they couldn't perform in another that practice itself, the one that raises the glue.
15:30:52 Should that be permitted or allowed.
15:30:56 Perhaps there should be international war, and not just nation states, as in their own laws tyranny, human experimentation.
15:31:05 Were also concerns that during periods of warfare corners are cut rules are violated.
15:31:12 So it to be under duress of need to advance the cause against the enemy.
15:31:19 Experiments might be performed, or any one of a number of reasons.
15:31:29 And that leads to concerns about weather and such conditions of warfare ever justify ethically speaking safeguards provided for human experimentation.
15:31:42 Were concerns as well about what my cool vulnerable subjects. When beings that are not able to give consent becomes subjective experiment. They're too young for because they have conditions that limit their ability to understand and truly informed consent
15:31:58 consent are also cases involving experiments that would move organs from non humans into human beings Xena graphs.
15:32:18 Are there enough safeguards to ensure that their safety is taken care of.
15:32:26 But beyond that, it's often humans being asked to give permission or consent was integral for a child who's incapable of understanding and giving consent.
15:32:41 There's also the concern that information gathered by human experiments conducted in a very unethical immoral fish, maybe even illegal.
15:32:52 Once that data that information has been gathered can it be used, or is it so tainted that it should not be used for fear that it would encourage others to repeat the experiments for to repeat experiments under the same conditions.
15:33:10 And that's the case with regard to data accomplished. And by experimenters during the period of the Second World War, and under the third Where is often called Nazi experiment.
15:33:28 So with regard to human experimentation.
15:33:32 We often begin with thinking what's the purpose of the experiment is it for the person experiment that upon which cases therapeutic experiment, as in the case with an unproven drug, and someone who is desperately Ill close to death and no other therapeutic
15:33:46 available, giving consent to having a tried upon themselves, or is it a non therapeutic experiment where people volunteer for the sake of giving the experiment, there's the researchers, an opportunity to gain knowledge that may help other people.
15:34:03 Not themselves.
15:34:07 As I mentioned, there are laws in certain countries where the concerns that have been revealed by the ethical sensitivity of the people.
15:34:18 And that has led to laws. There are laws on the national level and there are some boys that are considered international and enforced.
15:34:29 There are a lot of laws to protect those who need protecting the vulnerable subjects the very young who can't give consent because they are so young and not understand what's being explained to them.
15:34:45 Old to them.
15:34:47 prisoners.
15:34:48 People who are incarcerated and under great pressure to maybe consent, in order to get some benefit, while incarcerated or maybe even consideration for early release.
15:34:59 And then there are those who under the pressure of confronting their own death, so that they have an illness, and that it's not treatable and they're fairly close to death.
15:35:09 And then asked to give consent for therapeutic, or maybe even a non therapeutic procedure for the benefit of others.
15:35:19 Are they too vulnerable to concern with their own survival.
15:35:24 Are there many of the mice that they are not in the proper condition to understand and give consent, the experiments being performed.
15:35:34 And we have cases of experiments conducted on humans in the military. Sometimes, without their even being aware of it, or being given some information but not all information so that the consent that they do give isn't truly informed.
15:35:53 Finally, there's the case of the basic reason why we care about it all in the first place that we don't want to subject human beings to harm painful experiences and maybe even death.
15:36:08 Why, because we as human beings care about others like myself and why, because we care about not having people, but true painful processes are experiencing death.
15:36:20 Well if that's true, last reason admissions like Peter Singer.
15:36:25 Are you the utilitarian that if the basic of ethical concern, the feeling of pleasure versus the feeling of pain.
15:36:36 Human beings are not the only Cynthia and creatures on the planet who have such experiences. There are other non human animals that do, and some of them are some.
15:36:46 And so we should stand our concern that we have for humans as subject of experiments to non humans as well.
15:36:56 I didn't think about.